女(nv)性(xing)勞動(dong)(dong)參與率高但就業(ye)權益保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)不(bu)夠,導致(zhi)生育(yu)的機(ji)會成本高。女(nv)性(xing)需要(yao)更加平衡職(zhi)場和(he)家庭。在這種(zhong)情況下,如(ru)何才(cai)能進一步保(bao)(bao)護女(nv)職(zhi)工在經期、哺(bu)乳(ru)期、更年期等特殊時期的勞動(dong)(dong)權益?
第十三屆全國人大代(dai)表、山河智能裝(zhuang)備(bei)股(gu)份有限公司營銷(xiao)(xiao)總(zong)公司營銷(xiao)(xiao)經理張曉慶
今年全(quan)國(guo)兩會期(qi)間(jian),來自(zi)湖南的全(quan)國(guo)人大代表張(zhang)曉慶提交(jiao)了《關于對(dui)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在特殊時期(qi)的勞動權益保護的建議》,建議用人單位給(gei)予經(jing)期(qi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)特殊保護,為(wei)在職(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)每人每月發放衛生(sheng)費;用人單位應(ying)給(gei)予“保胎假”,產(chan)檢(jian)計入勞動時間(jian),流(liu)產(chan)也可休(xiu)產(chan)假;哺(bu)乳時間(jian)每天(tian)1小時,生(sheng)育體弱兒可延長哺(bu)乳期(qi)。此(ci)外,她還(huan)建議用人單位每年為(wei)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安排一次婦科檢(jian)查,重點(dian)安排乳腺、宮(gong)頸(jing)等專項檢(jian)查;并(bing)提出對(dui)確診為(wei)更(geng)年期(qi)綜合癥的女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)予適(shi)當減輕勞動量(liang)的勞動權益保護。
之所以提(ti)出對女職工在(zai)特(te)殊時期(qi)(qi)的勞(lao)動(dong)權益保護具體舉措,張(zhang)曉慶表示,一方面是因(yin)為(wei)育齡婦女規(gui)模已見頂下滑,2030年(nian)20-35歲主力育齡婦女規(gui)模將(jiang)比2017年(nian)減少31%,其中20-35歲生育旺盛期(qi)(qi)婦女將(jiang)減少44%,后續出生人口(kou)恐將(jiang)大幅(fu)下滑,預計2030年(nian)將(jiang)降(jiang)至1100多萬(wan)、較(jiao)2017年(nian)減少1/3。
另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育人(ren)(ren)群增多削弱生(sheng)育能力。“一(yi)般而言(yan),生(sheng)育年齡推遲、環境污染、不(bu)(bu)良(liang)生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)、生(sheng)殖衛生(sheng)保護缺失等導致不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育率(lv)上升。”根據中(zhong)國婦女兒童事業發(fa)展中(zhong)心、中(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)口協會2009年發(fa)布的(de)(de)《中(zhong)國不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育現(xian)狀調(diao)研報告》,從醫(yi)院門診的(de)(de)情(qing)況來看,不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育癥的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)占育齡夫婦的(de)(de)15%-20%。
此外,女性(xing)(xing)勞動參與率(lv)高但就業(ye)權(quan)益保障不夠,導致生育(yu)的機會成(cheng)本高。“生育(yu)、看護、培養孩子需要花費大量(liang)的時間和精力,這(zhe)即為家(jia)庭、女性(xing)(xing)的機會成(cheng)本。女性(xing)(xing)需要更(geng)多(duo)平衡職場和家(jia)庭,已(yi)婚未育(yu)女性(xing)(xing)在職場更(geng)易遭(zao)受性(xing)(xing)別(bie)歧視(shi)。”
張(zhang)曉慶分(fen)析,女性(xing)勞動參與率與生育率的關系可主(zhu)要分(fen)為兩種情況(kuang):一是女性(xing)參與勞動為家庭帶來收入效應(ying),有利于生育。二(er)是在性(xing)別(bie)歧(qi)視度較(jiao)高(gao)的情況(kuang)下(xia),女性(xing)勞動參與率越高(gao),生育的機會成本越大,女性(xing)越不(bu)愿(yuan)意(yi)生育。
根據國際勞工組(zu)織統計,1990-2017年(nian)中國女性(xing)勞動(dong)參與率(15歲及(ji)以上)從73.2%降至61.5%,大幅下降11.7個百分點,但在全球仍然處(chu)于較(jiao)(jiao)高水平。與此同時(shi),盡(jin)管中國保護女性(xing)就業權益的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)法律法規不少,但職場的(de)性(xing)別(bie)歧視仍然較(jiao)(jiao)為嚴(yan)重。主(zhu)要原因在于,相(xiang)關(guan)政策(ce)的(de)針對(dui)性(xing)、可操作性(xing)有(you)待(dai)(dai)改進,監管力度有(you)待(dai)(dai)加強,特(te)別(bie)是政府資金投入較(jiao)(jiao)小,對(dui)生育機會(hui)成本的(de)分擔(dan)較(jiao)(jiao)少。
“近年來生育(yu)率下降,出臺全(quan)面二(er)孩(hai)政(zheng)策就是(shi)為了提(ti)高生育(yu)率,保證區(qu)域的人口(kou)發(fa)展(zhan)戰略,在(zai)此基礎上(shang)出臺了一系列政(zheng)策,比如(ru)二(er)孩(hai)產假等。但這還(huan)是(shi)治標不(bu)(bu)治本(ben),如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)從本(ben)質上(shang)考(kao)慮到性別的差異,考(kao)慮到女性承擔的社會、家(jia)庭的責任,從區(qu)域性的角度(du)講肯定(ding)有實施的難(nan)度(du)。”
對(dui)(dui)此,張曉慶提出4大建議。一是國務(wu)院《女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)特(te)別規定(ding)(ding)(ding)》,在上位法(fa)的基礎上,對(dui)(dui)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工進(jin)行必要的、適當的勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),對(dui)(dui)原則性(xing)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)行了細(xi)化(hua)和具(ju)體化(hua),增(zeng)強了可(ke)操作(zuo)性(xing)。在國家(jia)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工“孕期(qi)、生(sheng)育期(qi)、哺乳(ru)期(qi)”勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的基礎上,增(zeng)加了“經(jing)期(qi)、更年(nian)期(qi)”的勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),并對(dui)(dui)由此產生(sheng)的休假時間、休假情形、生(sheng)育津貼及醫療(liao)費(fei)用作(zuo)出較為詳細(xi)的規定(ding)(ding)(ding),讓廣大女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工能享受到更多(duo)福利。
二是給予經期(qi)(qi)(qi)特(te)殊(shu)勞(lao)動保護。具(ju)體來(lai)看(kan),主要(yao)有5項舉措。張(zhang)曉慶建(jian)議,第一,每(mei)個月的(de)(de)“特(te)殊(shu)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)”,用人單位(wei)(wei)應(ying)當給予經期(qi)(qi)(qi)女(nv)職工(gong)特(te)殊(shu)保護。不(bu)得安排其從事(shi)國家規定(ding)的(de)(de)經期(qi)(qi)(qi)禁(jin)忌(ji)從事(shi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動。用人單位(wei)(wei)應(ying)當為在職女(nv)職工(gong)每(mei)人每(mei)月發放衛生(sheng)費(fei)。所需費(fei)用企業從職工(gong)福利費(fei)中列支;機關事(shi)業單位(wei)(wei)按(an)現行財(cai)政負擔(dan)政策列入(ru)預算。
第(di)二,給予“保胎(tai)(tai)假(jia)”,產(chan)(chan)(chan)檢(jian)(jian)計(ji)入(ru)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian),針對目前女性(xing)懷孕(yun)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)現(xian)(xian)象增多的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)狀,給予有(you)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)先(xian)(xian)兆或者(zhe)習慣性(xing)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)女職工以(yi)更多關懷。張(zhang)曉慶建(jian)議,有(you)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)先(xian)(xian)兆或者(zhe)習慣性(xing)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de),根據醫療機構的(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)明,用人單位應適(shi)當安(an)排其保胎(tai)(tai)休息或者(zhe)暫時(shi)(shi)調離(li)有(you)可能直(zhi)接或間(jian)接導致流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)崗位;因懷孕(yun)不(bu)能適(shi)應原崗位工作的(de)(de)(de),應予以(yi)減(jian)輕勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)量(liang)或者(zhe)暫時(shi)(shi)安(an)排其他能夠適(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)崗位。在勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內進行產(chan)(chan)(chan)前檢(jian)(jian)查的(de)(de)(de),所需時(shi)(shi)間(jian)計(ji)入(ru)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。
第三,流(liu)產(chan)也(ye)可休(xiu)產(chan)假(jia),對于流(liu)產(chan)的(de)女職(zhi)工,也(ye)明確相應的(de)勞動(dong)保護,懷(huai)(huai)孕(yun)未滿(man)4個月(yue)(yue)流(liu)產(chan)的(de),享(xiang)受產(chan)假(jia)15天;懷(huai)(huai)孕(yun)滿(man)4個月(yue)(yue)流(liu)產(chan)的(de),享(xiang)受產(chan)假(jia)42天。
第四,哺乳(ru)時(shi)間每天(tian)1小時(shi),生(sheng)育(yu)體弱兒可延長(chang)哺乳(ru)期,在女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人數較多的用(yong)人單位,應當根據女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)要,建立女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)衛(wei)生(sheng)室、孕婦休(xiu)息(xi)室、哺乳(ru)室等場所(suo)和設施(shi),妥善解決(jue)女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在生(sheng)理衛(wei)生(sheng)、哺乳(ru)方面的困難。
第五,婦(fu)科檢(jian)查(cha)每年一次,嚴格(ge)禁止(zhi)職場(chang)性(xing)(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)、就業性(xing)(xing)別歧視現象,用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位招用(yong)(yong)人員過程中(zhong)不(bu)得(de)限定性(xing)(xing)別,不(bu)得(de)詢問婦(fu)女婚育情況,不(bu)得(de)將限制生育作為錄用(yong)(yong)條件。為增加對女性(xing)(xing)健康的(de)保護(hu),用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位應當每年為女職工安排一次婦(fu)科檢(jian)查(cha),重點安排乳腺、宮頸(jing)等專項檢(jian)查(cha)。檢(jian)查(cha)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)由用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位及國家進行(xing)分擔,檢(jian)查(cha)時間計入勞動時間。
在更(geng)年(nian)期,女性(xing)有時候(hou)會出現情緒(xu)不穩定等(deng)情況。對此,經二級以上醫療機構(gou)確(que)診為(wei)更(geng)年(nian)期綜合癥的(de)(de)女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),本人(ren)提出不能適應原勞動崗位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de),用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)可(ke)以適當(dang)減輕其勞動量,或(huo)者(zhe)經雙方協商安排其他合適的(de)(de)崗位(wei)(wei)。用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)還應當(dang)結合本單(dan)位(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、生產特點,采取(qu)有效措施,預防和制止女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在勞動場所遭受(shou)(shou)性(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)。女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在勞動場所受(shou)(shou)到性(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)等(deng)危害(hai)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)身(shen)安全的(de)(de)行為(wei),向用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)反映或(huo)者(zhe)投訴的(de)(de),用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)應當(dang)及時處理(li),并依法保護女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)個人(ren)隱私。
三是要(yao)(yao)讓對(dui)(dui)女職工(gong)在特(te)殊(shu)(shu)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)權(quan)益保護更為(wei)可行,就要(yao)(yao)建立合理(li)的(de)社(she)會成本分擔機制。張曉慶(qing)舉例說,比如,可在此(ci)規定(ding)基礎上出臺(tai)配套舉措,對(dui)(dui)于落實對(dui)(dui)女職工(gong)在特(te)殊(shu)(shu)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)權(quan)益保護到位的(de)企業,在財稅方面給予一定(ding)政策激勵(li),還能在政策允許范圍內,獲得相應(ying)的(de)激勵(li),從(cong)而提高參與積極(ji)性(xing)。
“通(tong)過合(he)理的(de)成本分擔(dan)(dan)制(zhi)度設計,以充裕的(de)公(gong)共資(zi)金彌補用人單位(wei)對(dui)女(nv)職(zhi)工在特殊時期的(de)勞(lao)動權(quan)益保(bao)護(hu)而帶來(lai)的(de)效益虧空,從國家(jia)到地方,共同(tong)為女(nv)職(zhi)工在特殊時期的(de)勞(lao)動權(quan)益保(bao)護(hu)兜底,這一政(zheng)策(ce)善意(yi)才能最大程度釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai),在進一步(bu)完(wan)善女(nv)性就(jiu)業權(quan)益保(bao)障同(tong)時,對(dui)企業實行稅收(shou)優惠,加(jia)快(kuai)構建成本在國家(jia)、企業之間合(he)理有(you)效的(de)分擔(dan)(dan)機制(zhi)。” 張曉慶說。
四是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)出(chu)臺統(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)政策,制定統(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)標準。加強女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護、保(bao)障女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)權(quan)益的(de)(de)(de)重要政府(fu)規章是(shi)多年來(lai)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護成功(gong)經驗的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中期盼,體現政府(fu)對民生工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)高度重視和對廣大(da)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及下(xia)一代(dai)健康的(de)(de)(de)關心愛護。張(zhang)曉慶表示,女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維(wei)權(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,應著(zhu)力(li)推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織和女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護專(zhuan)享集(ji)體合(he)同全(quan)覆蓋,注重將女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)特殊保(bao)護內容納入集(ji)體合(he)同協商(shang)范圍,納入女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)專(zhuan)項集(ji)體合(he)同,促進(jin)用人(ren)單位履行(xing)改善勞動條件、落實女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護等。
來源:澎湃新聞
【兩會聚焦】人大代表張曉慶:用人單位應給予女性“保胎假”,產檢計入勞動時間
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女(nv)性(xing)勞動(dong)(dong)參與率高但就業(ye)權益保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)不(bu)夠,導致(zhi)生育(yu)的機(ji)會成本高。女(nv)性(xing)需要(yao)更加平衡職(zhi)場和(he)家庭。在這種(zhong)情況下,如(ru)何才(cai)能進一步保(bao)(bao)護女(nv)職(zhi)工在經期、哺(bu)乳(ru)期、更年期等特殊時期的勞動(dong)(dong)權益?
第十三屆全國人大代(dai)表、山河智能裝(zhuang)備(bei)股(gu)份有限公司營銷(xiao)(xiao)總(zong)公司營銷(xiao)(xiao)經理張曉慶
今年全(quan)國(guo)兩會期(qi)間(jian),來自(zi)湖南的全(quan)國(guo)人大代表張(zhang)曉慶提交(jiao)了《關于對(dui)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在特殊時期(qi)的勞動權益保護的建議》,建議用人單位給(gei)予經(jing)期(qi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)特殊保護,為(wei)在職(zhi)(zhi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)每人每月發放衛生(sheng)費;用人單位應(ying)給(gei)予“保胎假”,產(chan)檢(jian)計入勞動時間(jian),流(liu)產(chan)也可休(xiu)產(chan)假;哺(bu)乳時間(jian)每天(tian)1小時,生(sheng)育體弱兒可延長哺(bu)乳期(qi)。此(ci)外,她還(huan)建議用人單位每年為(wei)女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安排一次婦科檢(jian)查,重點(dian)安排乳腺、宮(gong)頸(jing)等專項檢(jian)查;并(bing)提出對(dui)確診為(wei)更(geng)年期(qi)綜合癥的女(nv)(nv)(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)予適(shi)當減輕勞動量(liang)的勞動權益保護。
之所以提(ti)出對女職工在(zai)特(te)殊時期(qi)(qi)的勞(lao)動(dong)權益保護具體舉措,張(zhang)曉慶表示,一方面是因(yin)為(wei)育齡婦女規(gui)模已見頂下滑,2030年(nian)20-35歲主力育齡婦女規(gui)模將(jiang)比2017年(nian)減少31%,其中20-35歲生育旺盛期(qi)(qi)婦女將(jiang)減少44%,后續出生人口(kou)恐將(jiang)大幅(fu)下滑,預計2030年(nian)將(jiang)降(jiang)至1100多萬(wan)、較(jiao)2017年(nian)減少1/3。
另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育人(ren)(ren)群增多削弱生(sheng)育能力。“一(yi)般而言(yan),生(sheng)育年齡推遲、環境污染、不(bu)(bu)良(liang)生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)、生(sheng)殖衛生(sheng)保護缺失等導致不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育率(lv)上升。”根據中(zhong)國婦女兒童事業發(fa)展中(zhong)心、中(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)口協會2009年發(fa)布的(de)(de)《中(zhong)國不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育現(xian)狀調(diao)研報告》,從醫(yi)院門診的(de)(de)情(qing)況來看,不(bu)(bu)孕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)不(bu)(bu)育癥的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)占育齡夫婦的(de)(de)15%-20%。
此外,女性(xing)(xing)勞動參與率(lv)高但就業(ye)權(quan)益保障不夠,導致生育(yu)的機會成(cheng)本高。“生育(yu)、看護、培養孩子需要花費大量(liang)的時間和精力,這(zhe)即為家(jia)庭、女性(xing)(xing)的機會成(cheng)本。女性(xing)(xing)需要更(geng)多(duo)平衡職場和家(jia)庭,已(yi)婚未育(yu)女性(xing)(xing)在職場更(geng)易遭(zao)受性(xing)(xing)別(bie)歧視(shi)。”
張(zhang)曉慶分(fen)析,女性(xing)勞動參與率與生育率的關系可主(zhu)要分(fen)為兩種情況(kuang):一是女性(xing)參與勞動為家庭帶來收入效應(ying),有利于生育。二(er)是在性(xing)別(bie)歧(qi)視度較(jiao)高(gao)的情況(kuang)下(xia),女性(xing)勞動參與率越高(gao),生育的機會成本越大,女性(xing)越不(bu)愿(yuan)意(yi)生育。
根據國際勞工組(zu)織統計,1990-2017年(nian)中國女性(xing)勞動(dong)參與率(15歲及(ji)以上)從73.2%降至61.5%,大幅下降11.7個百分點,但在全球仍然處(chu)于較(jiao)(jiao)高水平。與此同時(shi),盡(jin)管中國保護女性(xing)就業權益的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)法律法規不少,但職場的(de)性(xing)別(bie)歧視仍然較(jiao)(jiao)為嚴(yan)重。主(zhu)要原因在于,相(xiang)關(guan)政策(ce)的(de)針對(dui)性(xing)、可操作性(xing)有(you)待(dai)(dai)改進,監管力度有(you)待(dai)(dai)加強,特(te)別(bie)是政府資金投入較(jiao)(jiao)小,對(dui)生育機會(hui)成本的(de)分擔(dan)較(jiao)(jiao)少。
“近年來生育(yu)率下降,出臺全(quan)面二(er)孩(hai)政(zheng)策就是(shi)為了提(ti)高生育(yu)率,保證區(qu)域的人口(kou)發(fa)展(zhan)戰略,在(zai)此基礎上(shang)出臺了一系列政(zheng)策,比如(ru)二(er)孩(hai)產假等。但這還(huan)是(shi)治標不(bu)(bu)治本(ben),如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)從本(ben)質上(shang)考(kao)慮到性別的差異,考(kao)慮到女性承擔的社會、家(jia)庭的責任,從區(qu)域性的角度(du)講肯定(ding)有實施的難(nan)度(du)。”
對(dui)(dui)此,張曉慶提出4大建議。一是國務(wu)院《女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)特(te)別規定(ding)(ding)(ding)》,在上位法(fa)的基礎上,對(dui)(dui)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工進(jin)行必要的、適當的勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),對(dui)(dui)原則性(xing)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)進(jin)行了細(xi)化(hua)和具(ju)體化(hua),增(zeng)強了可(ke)操作(zuo)性(xing)。在國家(jia)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工“孕期(qi)、生(sheng)育期(qi)、哺乳(ru)期(qi)”勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的基礎上,增(zeng)加了“經(jing)期(qi)、更年(nian)期(qi)”的勞動(dong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),并對(dui)(dui)由此產生(sheng)的休假時間、休假情形、生(sheng)育津貼及醫療(liao)費(fei)用作(zuo)出較為詳細(xi)的規定(ding)(ding)(ding),讓廣大女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)工能享受到更多(duo)福利。
二是給予經期(qi)(qi)(qi)特(te)殊(shu)勞(lao)動保護。具(ju)體來(lai)看(kan),主要(yao)有5項舉措。張(zhang)曉慶建(jian)議,第一,每(mei)個月的(de)(de)“特(te)殊(shu)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)”,用人單位(wei)(wei)應(ying)當給予經期(qi)(qi)(qi)女(nv)職工(gong)特(te)殊(shu)保護。不(bu)得安排其從事(shi)國家規定(ding)的(de)(de)經期(qi)(qi)(qi)禁(jin)忌(ji)從事(shi)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動。用人單位(wei)(wei)應(ying)當為在職女(nv)職工(gong)每(mei)人每(mei)月發放衛生(sheng)費(fei)。所需費(fei)用企業從職工(gong)福利費(fei)中列支;機關事(shi)業單位(wei)(wei)按(an)現行財(cai)政負擔(dan)政策列入(ru)預算。
第(di)二,給予“保胎(tai)(tai)假(jia)”,產(chan)(chan)(chan)檢(jian)(jian)計(ji)入(ru)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian),針對目前女性(xing)懷孕(yun)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)現(xian)(xian)象增多的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)狀,給予有(you)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)先(xian)(xian)兆或者(zhe)習慣性(xing)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)女職工以(yi)更多關懷。張(zhang)曉慶建(jian)議,有(you)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)先(xian)(xian)兆或者(zhe)習慣性(xing)流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de),根據醫療機構的(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)明,用人單位應適(shi)當安(an)排其保胎(tai)(tai)休息或者(zhe)暫時(shi)(shi)調離(li)有(you)可能直(zhi)接或間(jian)接導致流(liu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)崗位;因懷孕(yun)不(bu)能適(shi)應原崗位工作的(de)(de)(de),應予以(yi)減(jian)輕勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)量(liang)或者(zhe)暫時(shi)(shi)安(an)排其他能夠適(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)崗位。在勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內進行產(chan)(chan)(chan)前檢(jian)(jian)查的(de)(de)(de),所需時(shi)(shi)間(jian)計(ji)入(ru)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。
第三,流(liu)產(chan)也(ye)可休(xiu)產(chan)假(jia),對于流(liu)產(chan)的(de)女職(zhi)工,也(ye)明確相應的(de)勞動(dong)保護,懷(huai)(huai)孕(yun)未滿(man)4個月(yue)(yue)流(liu)產(chan)的(de),享(xiang)受產(chan)假(jia)15天;懷(huai)(huai)孕(yun)滿(man)4個月(yue)(yue)流(liu)產(chan)的(de),享(xiang)受產(chan)假(jia)42天。
第四,哺乳(ru)時(shi)間每天(tian)1小時(shi),生(sheng)育(yu)體弱兒可延長(chang)哺乳(ru)期,在女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人數較多的用(yong)人單位,應當根據女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)要,建立女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)衛(wei)生(sheng)室、孕婦休(xiu)息(xi)室、哺乳(ru)室等場所(suo)和設施(shi),妥善解決(jue)女職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在生(sheng)理衛(wei)生(sheng)、哺乳(ru)方面的困難。
第五,婦(fu)科檢(jian)查(cha)每年一次,嚴格(ge)禁止(zhi)職場(chang)性(xing)(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)、就業性(xing)(xing)別歧視現象,用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位招用(yong)(yong)人員過程中(zhong)不(bu)得(de)限定性(xing)(xing)別,不(bu)得(de)詢問婦(fu)女婚育情況,不(bu)得(de)將限制生育作為錄用(yong)(yong)條件。為增加對女性(xing)(xing)健康的(de)保護(hu),用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位應當每年為女職工安排一次婦(fu)科檢(jian)查(cha),重點安排乳腺、宮頸(jing)等專項檢(jian)查(cha)。檢(jian)查(cha)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)由用(yong)(yong)人單(dan)位及國家進行(xing)分擔,檢(jian)查(cha)時間計入勞動時間。
在更(geng)年(nian)期,女性(xing)有時候(hou)會出現情緒(xu)不穩定等(deng)情況。對此,經二級以上醫療機構(gou)確(que)診為(wei)更(geng)年(nian)期綜合癥的(de)(de)女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),本人(ren)提出不能適應原勞動崗位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de),用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)可(ke)以適當(dang)減輕其勞動量,或(huo)者(zhe)經雙方協商安排其他合適的(de)(de)崗位(wei)(wei)。用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)還應當(dang)結合本單(dan)位(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、生產特點,采取(qu)有效措施,預防和制止女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在勞動場所遭受(shou)(shou)性(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)。女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在勞動場所受(shou)(shou)到性(xing)騷(sao)擾(rao)等(deng)危害(hai)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)身(shen)安全的(de)(de)行為(wei),向用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)反映或(huo)者(zhe)投訴的(de)(de),用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)應當(dang)及時處理(li),并依法保護女職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)個人(ren)隱私。
三是要(yao)(yao)讓對(dui)(dui)女職工(gong)在特(te)殊(shu)(shu)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)權(quan)益保護更為(wei)可行,就要(yao)(yao)建立合理(li)的(de)社(she)會成本分擔機制。張曉慶(qing)舉例說,比如,可在此(ci)規定(ding)基礎上出臺(tai)配套舉措,對(dui)(dui)于落實對(dui)(dui)女職工(gong)在特(te)殊(shu)(shu)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)權(quan)益保護到位的(de)企業,在財稅方面給予一定(ding)政策激勵(li),還能在政策允許范圍內,獲得相應(ying)的(de)激勵(li),從(cong)而提高參與積極(ji)性(xing)。
“通(tong)過合(he)理的(de)成本分擔(dan)(dan)制(zhi)度設計,以充裕的(de)公(gong)共資(zi)金彌補用人單位(wei)對(dui)女(nv)職(zhi)工在特殊時期的(de)勞(lao)動權(quan)益保(bao)護(hu)而帶來(lai)的(de)效益虧空,從國家(jia)到地方,共同(tong)為女(nv)職(zhi)工在特殊時期的(de)勞(lao)動權(quan)益保(bao)護(hu)兜底,這一政(zheng)策(ce)善意(yi)才能最大程度釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai),在進一步(bu)完(wan)善女(nv)性就(jiu)業權(quan)益保(bao)障同(tong)時,對(dui)企業實行稅收(shou)優惠,加(jia)快(kuai)構建成本在國家(jia)、企業之間合(he)理有(you)效的(de)分擔(dan)(dan)機制(zhi)。” 張曉慶說。
四是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)出(chu)臺統(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)政策,制定統(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)標準。加強女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護、保(bao)障女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)權(quan)益的(de)(de)(de)重要政府(fu)規章是(shi)多年來(lai)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護成功(gong)經驗的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中期盼,體現政府(fu)對民生工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)高度重視和對廣大(da)女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及下(xia)一代(dai)健康的(de)(de)(de)關心愛護。張(zhang)曉慶表示,女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維(wei)權(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,應著(zhu)力(li)推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織和女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護專(zhuan)享集(ji)體合(he)同全(quan)覆蓋,注重將女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)特殊保(bao)護內容納入集(ji)體合(he)同協商(shang)范圍,納入女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)專(zhuan)項集(ji)體合(he)同,促進(jin)用人(ren)單位履行(xing)改善勞動條件、落實女(nv)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)勞動保(bao)護等。
來源:澎湃新聞
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